domestication of wheat

We are aware that the COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on researchers worldwide. It was a key event in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Jpn J Bot 19:175–229, Watanabe N, Ikebata N (2000) The effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on grain colour dependent seed dormancy and brittle rachis in tetraploid wheat. (). A new preLight by Paul Sanchez and Stefano Vianello highlights a recent preprint by Jorge Torres-Paz and Slyvie Rétaux, which describes new experimental approaches to cavefish development. Several genetic determinants of these characteristics have been identified, including the Q gene, which encodes an AP2-like transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:11597–11604, Zhang P, Friebe B, Gill BS (2002) Variation in the distribution of a genome-specific DNA sequence on chromosomes reveals evolutionary relationships in the, Zhang ZC, Belcram H, Gornicki P et al (2011) Duplication and partitioning in evolution and function of homoeologous, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014, http://persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_2_940, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7572-5_18. At Jericho, Netiv Hagdud, and Gilgal (in the Jordan Basin), and Aswad (near Damascus), domesticated einkorn, emmer, and barley appear between 8000 and 7700 B.C. 2011). Genetics 7:513–552, Sears ER (1956) The systematics, cytology and genetics of wheat. Our objective was to map domestication-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in T. dicoccoides . Our Scientists of this generatation have been carrying out carbon-14, the testing of plants and animals remaining. Without the transition, however, mankind could not have completed its social and cultural evolution. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. Future perspectives. Bull Plant Industry, US Dept Agriculture, Washington, DC No. Origin, domestication, and evolution of wheat. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources The wheat genome is derived at 85% from TEs, and contains thousands of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), whose sequences are particularly prone for domestication into miRNA precursors. )—in the Near-Eastern Ferti… Chromosome behavior in partially sterile hybrids. References Notably, domesticated varieties possess a subcompact spike and a loss of the tough glumes that protect the grain, leading to a free-threshing phenotype. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 475–525, Mori N, Ishi T, Ishido T et al (2003) Origins of domesticated emmer and common wheat inferred from chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. These early domesticates were staple crops of early farmers for several thousand years before being replaced by free-threshing wheats. Domestication genes of the annual grass wheat are highly conserved in the perennial intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), providing an opportunity for accelerated domestication of a perennial grain using a mutagenesis approach. We are now welcoming submissions to our next Special Issue, which will focus on the innovative use of advanced imaging techniques to further our understanding of developmental and regenerative processes. Wheat domestication and human civilization. The studied traits include brittle rachis, heading date, plant height, grain size, yield, and yield components. Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. Allopolyploidization, mutations in genes governing threshability and other domestication related traits, and interspecific gene flow led to the formation of today’s economically important bread wheat. Please log in to add an alert for this article. Moreover, a gradient of miR172:Q levels along the spike is associated with a gradient of homeotic changes. The emergence of agriculture in the Near East also involved the domestication of einkorn wheat. 180:1–63, Bertsch F (1943) Der Dinkel. partially compact) inflorescence (spike). The domestication of wild emmer wheat led to the selection of modern durum wheat, grown mainly for pasta production. Not affiliated Genet Res Crop Evol 45:21–25, Chuck G, Meeley RB, Hake S (1998) The control of maize spikelet meristem fate by the, de Moulins D (2000) Abu Hereyra 2: plant remains from the Neolithic. Sign in to email alerts with your email address, FGF signalling: making matrix in the lung, Branched actin keeps Nrf2 in check in the skin. We are aware that the COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on researchers worldwide. Evolution 27:3110–325, Heun M, Schaefer-Pregl R, Klawan D et al (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Wheat (Triticum spp.) Q and the pre-domestication allele, q , encode an AP2 transcription factor, with the domesticated allele conferring a free-threshing character and a subcompact (i.e. Two papers in this issue of Development address the regulation of Q by miR172. The Q gene governs the free-threshing character and square spike phenotype. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris, pp 3–56, Fuller DQ (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Alternative splicing (AS) occurs extensively in eukaryotes as an important mechanism for regulating transcriptome complexity and proteome diversity, but variation in the AS landscape in response to domestication and polyploidization in crops is unclear. Ann Bot 100:903–924, Harlan JR, Wet MJ de, Price EG (1973) Comparative evolution of cereals. Genet Res Crop Evol 46:267–271, Simons KJ, Fellers JP, Trick HN et al (2006) Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene, Singh MP (1969) Some radiation induced changes at ‘, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai GH, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (, Syouf M, Abu-Irmaileh BE, Valkoun J, Bdour S (2006) Introgression from durum wheat landraces in wild emmer wheat (, Taenzler B, Esposti RF, Vaccino P et al (2002) Molecular linkage map of einkorn wheat: mapping of storage-protein and soft-glume genes and bread-making quality QTLs. Through analysis of Q’ and induced revertants, the authors show that higher levels of AP2 activity are associated with the formation of ectopic florets in place of glumes – an apparent homeotic transformation in the spike. Wheat cultivation. Hereditas 40:65–180, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F, McFadden ES, Sears ER (1946) The origin of, Moore AMT, Hillman GC, Legge AJ (2000) The significance of Abu Hureyra. Genet Res Camb 80:131–143, Tanno K, Willcox G (2006) How fast was wild wheat domesticated? Cite as. In: Jenkins BC (ed) Proceedings of the first international wheat genetics symposium. III. Mechanisms for chromosome evolution. Euphytica 94:119–124, Chalupska D, Lee HY, Faris JD et al (2008), Chen Q-F, Yen C, Yang J-L (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weed race of common wheat. The archaeology and history of hulled wheats. Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9640–9644, Dvorak J, di Terlizzi P, Zhang H-B, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploid wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Intraspecific variation in, Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Schafer-Pregl R, Salamini F (2002) AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in Southeast Turkey. Bread wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Am J Bot 43:297–304, Sax K (1922) Sterility in wheat hybrids. Although domestication of plants and crops cultivated for consumption has been carried on for 11,000 years, this figure pales in comparison with the seven million years humans fed themselves by hunting wild animals and eating wild plants. Science 311:1886, Tsunewaki K (1966) Comparative gene analysis of common wheat and its ancestral species. Hexaploid wheat (AABBDD, Triticum aestivum ) has undergone two separate allopolyploidization events, providing an ideal model for … Can J Genet Cytol 16:145–154, Kihara H (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyzer, one of the ancestors of, Kilian B, Ozkan H, Deusch O et al (2007) Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing, Kimber G, Sears ER (1987) Evolution in the genus, Kislev ME (1984) Emergence of wheat agriculture. parviglumis) in central America at least as early 9,000 years ago. These studies, while fruitful, were inherently limited due to the limited number of available markers and the full representation of the genomes of these crops. Theor Appl Genet 56:273–284, Jaaska V (1981) Aspartate aminotransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: intraspecific differentiation in, Jakubziner MM (1958) New wheat species. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 399–422, Dixon J, Braun HJ, Kosina PP, Crouch J (2009) Wheat facts and futures. A thorough and comprehensive understanding of wheat evolution and domestication will provide critical knowledge to the spawning of a new agricultural revolution, which will be necessary to provide sustenance for a rapidly increasing world population under global climate change. In this study, we investigate the contribution of TEs to the wheat small RNA immune response to the lineage-specific, obligate powdery mildew pathogen. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences: Vol. Some scholars argue for a fairly rapid process, of a few centuries; while others argue that the process from cultivation to domestication took up to 5,000 years. The … Willd. Methuen and Go. tauschii), domestication syndrome factors and other relevant genes could be isolated, and effects of wheat domestication could be determined. Cultivation and repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of wild grasses led to the creation of domestic strains, as mutant forms ('sports') of wheat were preferentially chosen by farmers. Science 316:1862–1866, Dvorak J, Zhang HB (1990) Variation in repeated nucleotide sequences sheds light on the phylogeny of the wheat B and G genomes. Genome 36:21–31, Dvorak J, Luo MC (2001) Evolution of free-threshing and hulled forms of, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Zhang HB (1998) The structure of the, Dvorak J, Akhunov ED, Akhunov AR et al (2006) Molecular characterization of a diagnostic DNA marker for domesticated tetraploid wheat provides evidence for gene flow from wild tetraploid wheat to hexaploid wheat. Shifting the life cycle of grain crops from annual to perennial would usher in a new era of agriculture that is more environmentally friendly, … Not logged in Science 143:253–255, Kerber ER, Dyck PL (1969) Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of leaf rust resistance and other characters derived from, Kerber ER, Rowland GG (1974) Origin of the free threshing character in hexaploid wheat. is one of the founder crops that likely drove the Neolithic transition to sedentary agrarian societies in the Fertile Crescent more than 10,000 years ago.Identifying genetic modifications underlying wheat's domestication requires knowledge about the genome of its allo-tetraploid progenitor, wild emmer (T. turgidum ssp. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Winnipeg, pp 207–220, Jantasuriyarat C, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Riera-Lizarazu O (2004) Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat (, Jofuku KD, den Boer BGW, Van Montagu M, Okamuro JK (1994) Control of, Johnson BL (1968) Electrophoretic evidence on the origin of, Johnson BL, Dhaliwal HS (1976) Reproductive isolation of, Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (1999) QTL mapping of genes controlling ear emergence time and plant height on chromosome 5A of wheat. Paleorient 10:61–70 (, Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Theor Appl Genet 98:472–476, Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene, Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: Reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. II. The domestication of wheat provides an example. Concluding remarks on the process of wheat evolution. Wheat Evolution, Domestication, and Improvement Perry Gustafson, Olga Raskina, XueFeng Ma, and Eviatar Nevo INTRODUCTION Cereals, including wheat (Triticum spp. Theor Appl Genet 53:209–217, Jaaska V (1980) Electrophoretic survey of seedling esterases in wheats in relation to their phylogeny. Here, I review historical and recent findings that have shaped our current understanding of wheat domestication. Transitions of forms with natural seed dispersal mechanisms to forms with non-brittle rachises led to the domestication of diploid einkorn and tetraploid emmer wheat in southeast Turkey. In domesticated wheat, grains are larger, and the seeds (inside the spikelets) remain attached to the ear by a toughened rachis during harvesting. dicoccoides). Ltd, London, pp 1–248, Riley R, Unrau J, Chapman V (1958) Evidence on the origin of the B genome of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 114:947–959, MacKey J (1954) Neutron and X-ray experiments in wheat and revision of the speltoid problem. Special Issue: Imaging development, stem cells and regeneration, Gastruloids, pescoids, caveoids, surfoids…, © 2017. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation . CIMMMYT, Mexico, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. is one of the Neolithic founder crops, domesticated alongside other cereals—einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)—as well as pulses—pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L. During the second UK lockdown, we met him (virtually) to hear about the trials and tribulations of his PhD, and discuss his experience of studying in the UK. Dawei Sun has just finished his PhD in Emma Rawlins’ lab at The Gurdon Institute. The domestication of wheat was instrumental in the transition of human behavior from hunter-gatherers to farmers. Part of Springer Nature. Wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, is the progenitor of modern tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats.Our objective was to map domestication-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in T. dicoccoides.The studied traits include brittle rachis, heading date, plant height, grain size, yield, and yield components. The relative levels of miR172 and Q define spikelet morphology, with higher Q or lower miR172 activity being associated with glume-to-floret transition and free-threshing character, and lower Q activity with the opposite changes. Together, these two papers convincingly demonstrate that tight regulation of Q by miR172 is important for the acquisition of free-threshing character in domesticated wheat varieties, and help to resolve prior controversies as to the mechanism underlying the Q phenotype. The evidence is abundant that by about 10,400 years ago, domesticated wheat was in widespread use … The Neolithic transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to sedentary agrarian societies, beginning ∼10 000 years ago, was a crucial turning point in human history (Childe, 1951). Domestication of wheat resulted from mutations that gave rise to traits such as soft glumes, a nonfragile rachis, and the free-threshing character. In: Bonjean AP, Angus WJ (eds) The world wheat book. Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Rome, pp 25–28, Muramatsu M (1985) Spike type in two cultivars of, Nalam VJ, Vales MI, Watson CJW et al (2006) Map-based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (, Nalam VJ, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Johnson EB et al (2007) Map-based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability components of free-threshing habit in common wheat (, Nesbitt M (2001) Wheat evolution: integrating archaeological and biological evidence. In: Moore AMT, Hillman GC, Legge AJ (eds) Village on the Euphrates. © 2021   The Company of Biologists Ltd   Registered Charity 277992. The issue will be published mid-2021 and the deadline for submissions is 31 March 2021. Jpn J Genet 66:617–633, Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM et al (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. In: Caligari PDS, Brandham PE (eds) Wheat taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival. The domestication of wheat was instrumental in the transition of human behavior from hunter-gatherers to farmers. The advantages of free threshing in wheat led to the selection of the domesticated Q allele, which is now present in almost all modern wheat varieties. Domestication of wheat has involved a number of phenotypic changes from wild isolates. On the origin and phylogeny of polyploid wheats. Anatolian Studies 28:157–174, Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X et al (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the, Jaaska V (1978) NADP-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase in polyploid wheats and their relatives. Waxiness, growth habit and awnedness. The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. In: Sears ER, Sears EMS (eds) Fourth international wheat genetics symposium, vol 1. June 2010; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_8. Mol Biol Evol 23:1386–1396, Fairbairn A, Asouti E, Near J, Martinoli D (2002) Macro-botanical evidence for plant use at Neolithic Catalhoyuk, south-central Anatolia, Turkey. Executive Editor Katherine Brown (virtually) met with the winner of the SDB Conklin Medal, Claude Desplan, and heard about how he first became captivated by Drosophila and neural development, his mentorship style and tips for young scientists. Genetics, genomics, and archaeobotany have together provided strong evidence and insights regarding the time, place, and events involved in the evolution and domestication of modern wheat, but numerous questions remain unanswered. Wheat (Triticum spp.) We show that … For more than one century, wheat … (2007). It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Wild wheat shatters and falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. Domestication of wheat According to the history of wheat evolution described above, only wild einkorn and wild emmer wheats were subjected to domestication selection. University of Missouri, Columbia, pp 851–855, Nishikawa K, Furuta Y, Wada T (1980) Genetic studies on alpha-amylase isozymes in wheat. One of the ongoing arguments about wheat is the length of time it took for the domestication process to complete. 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