Jim Gerrish is a grazing management consultant based in May, ID, and former lead pasture researcher at the University of Missouri's Forage Systems Research Center in Linneus. Your carrying capacity is the total ADs in each pasture. Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Table 1: Stocking rate that optimises profit on farms growing different amounts of pasture and feeding different amounts of concentrate/cow. Applying this principle, one 50kg dry goat is equivalent to one DSE and one yearling steer is … 100,000 pounds of forage will more realistically be 25,000 pounds of forage available for grazing due to this calculation (100,000 lb x 0.25 = 25,000 lb)). Stocking rate calculator The stocking rate calculator is designed to determine the number of cattle or sheep you should put into a paddock based on its carrying capacity. Stocking rate for cattle calculator ireland Anc. How is the grazing season shaping up in your neck of the woods? How to calculate stocking rates for your pastures: 12 steps. Regarding the 100 steers on 100 acres scenario, if the pasture is continuously grazed with animals potentially present on every acre every day, stocking rate and stock density are the same: one steer/acre or 700 lbs. Stocking rate or Carrying Capacity The number of cattle carried in a paddock or on a property - usually expressed as the number of cattle or breeding units per hectare. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. We must look at stocking density as animal concentration and a tool used to accomplish our goals of intensive grazing management. Stocking density. *All of these stocking rates equate to 85 kg live weight/t feed DM available. You can't effectively manage animal impact with continuous grazing. In other words, a 1000 pound animal equals 1.0 AUE which will eat, on average, 680 pounds of forage (dry matter) or 780 pounds of forage (air dry). Determine your rotation frequency using the simple tool below. Think of stocking rate in terms of either animals per acre or liveweight per acre. 3. Regarding the 100 steers on 100 acres scenario, if the pasture is continuously grazed with animals potentially present on every acre every day, stocking rate and stock density are the same: one steer/acre or 700 lbs. This is our demand.”, READ: 13 things to consider to holistically manage your herd. Now let’s talk about “stocking density.” We define stocking density as the amount of biomass grazing a given area at a single point in time, expressed as pounds per acre. Knowing how truly fortunate we are, my heart is with the ranchers who are battling wild fires and whose pastures will be charred and bare this summer. Some tend to use the terms interchangeably, though they're actually two very different concepts, with very different effects on the pasture-livestock system. an 1100-pound cow equals 1.1 AUE). Calculate estimated growth rates and requirements within pens/buildings/fields, include space, water and feed. Current stocking density: Stocking density worked out using eligible land and farmed grazing livestock numbers in the LFASS claim year. Nix, … READ: Good grazier? High stock density is a tool to achieve more uniform grazing with less selective grazing, a high utilization rate on stockpiled forage, manipulate species composition of a pasture, accelerate the nutrient cycling process, and a host of other management factors. cows in the pen. *Rotation frequency recommendations are based on a 25 day rest period for each paddock. To calculate stall stocking density (%) the number of cows in the pen and the number of useable stalls were counted and multiplied by 100, and the length × width of the pen was divided by the number of cows in the pen to calculate area/cow (m(2)). However, if the plant density is lower than 75 percent and forage height is 6 inches (15.2 cm) or less (a short, thin stand with a bit of bare ground showing between plants), the utilization rate should be low, such as 25 or 30 percent. According to North Dakota State University (NDSU) Extenion Service, we aren't alone in this struggle. Most ranchers aren't there yet, 13 things to consider to holistically manage your herd. Copyright © 2021. READ: 11 grazing tips from top land managers, “To combine AUE with amount of time grazing and number of animals grazing, one simply needs to multiply. All rights reserved. Management of stocking density is one such relationship between grazing cattle and pastures. Number 8860726. View the article and corresponding links here. Once you have estimated pasture inventory, calculate total carrying capacity in each pasture. Livestock Units(LUs) are a way of comparing the nutritional requirements of grazing animals.They therefore assist with the calculation of stocking densities. Example: 365.5 DSE ÷ 40 hectares = 9.0 DSE/ha. Figure 1 presents the stocking rate profile output from the calculator for August lambing and calving enterprises on a farm which is stocked at on average 12.2 DSE/ha but which has a minimum stocking rate in February-April of 7.8 DSE/ha and maximum of 20.6 DSE/ha in November, just before all young stock are sold off in December. If the pasture is divided into 10 paddocks of 10 acres each, and all the animals placed on one paddock, the stocking rate doesn't change but stock density increases 10-fold. Number 8860726. property) and is useful when calculating suitable stocking rates. Any tool also can be used to smash a fine cabinet to pieces in the hands of someone ignorant of its intended use. Stocking rate is measured in terms of dry sheep equivalents (DSE). The ideal stocking density for freestall barns has been a hotly debated topic in dairy cattle management. Stocking rate is often used interchangeably with carrying capacity, which is also incorrect. Most ranchers aren't there yet, In a recent UNL Beef Watch newsletter, Stott explains, “Calculating forage demand captures three important elements: animal size, length of time grazing and number of animals. To calculate stock density, an example: If we had 300 head of steers that weighed an average of 750 lb, total live-weight would be 225,000 lbs. One LU will require roughly one acre of land for summer grazing and one acre of land for conservation to provide forage for winter. Calculating property carrying capacity. Informa Markets, a trading division of Informa PLC. The livestock density index measures the stock of animals (cattle, sheep, goats, equidae,pigs, poultry and rabbits) converted in livestock units (LSUs) per hectare of utilised agricultural area (UAA).. Expressed Carrying Capacity: AUM ÷ total acres ÷ AUE5 = AUEM/ac 1 Relative production value (Table 4). Stocking rate affects the pasture's overall productivity, species composition, likelihood of soil compaction occurring, individual animal performance, and a host of other factors in the pasture-livestock relationship. Registered in England and Wales. Stock density is essentially animal concentration, and is a tool we use to accomplish many management goals in MiG. Simply divide the available forage by the pounds of forage consumed by a single animal/month (e.g. Stocking rate OR DSE / hectare = Total DSE’s ÷ Total grazing hectares. Calculation:#Head x AUE x Time in months = AUM’s 300 Cow/calf pairs x 1.1 AUE x 5 months = 1650 AUM’s 15 Bulls x 1.25 AUE x 2 months = 38 AUM’s The manager will need to find a forage supply that will provide approximately 1700 AUM’s for the deferment period. Johann provided encouraging alternatives for farmers to double, treble and even quadruple their cattle numbers, at the same time rehabilitating their veld with ultra-high density grazing (UHDG).“A low stocking rate can produce nice-looking individual animals but … 2009; your first LFASS claim year, if you are a new entrant who did not submit a Single Application Form in or before 2009 (for example, 2015 for someone … Also there are exemptions for people in REPS, A.E.O.S. The changes to stocking density are not as simple as 0.3 LU/HA. You can find out more about pasture utilisation for cattle producers in the MLA More Beef from Pastures pasture utilisation module. Stocking rate, carrying capacity and stock density are expressed as number of animals or animal liveweight/acre. Historic year: the historic year is:. Stott writes, “The productivity of a given piece of land is dependent on site characteristics which vary with location. Animal Days / Acre (ADAs) X pasture size (acres) = Animal Days (ADs) If you need help estimating pasture acreage, PastureMap helps you draw your pastures and estimate acres. It's a very useful and powerful tool. The WYO RangeCast is a … If we further divide the pasture into 40, 2½-acre paddocks and put the animals on one paddock, we've increased grazing pressure by 40-fold (or to a stock density of 28,000 lbs./acre). Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. The AUE is an estimate of the amount of forage an average cow will eat.”. Stock density is now 7,000 lbs./acre. Cornstalk grazing: What supplementation is needed? liveweight/acre. The proposed stocking rate for a resilient system is highlighted. Now, every acre is being rested 90% of the time and grazed 10% of the time. Then, calculate the stocking rate as before. liveweight/acre. Choose from a list of over 65 different feeds and enter the cost (£/tonne) of those feeds. For example, if 30 cows weighing 1200 pounds were grazing for six months, the forage demand equation to calculate Animal Unit Months (AUM) demand would look as follows: 1.2 AUE x 30 head x 6 months = 216 AUM’s. For more information on his grazing schools, see the ad on page 49 of this issue. Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates (neer006). https://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/all/themes/penton_subtheme_beefmagazine/images/logos/footer.png. Enter new feeds not on the list as long you know the DM, ME and CP values. Registered in England and Wales. ), average your sample weights and use the conversion factor in the link below to calculate pounds per acre. Winter Storm Xanto has come and gone, and although we’re left with plenty of standing water and mud for calving out cows, it is such a blessing to see the grass starting to green up and grow as the grazing season approaches. The livestock density index gives an indication of the pressure that livestock farming places on the environment. Ag Economy Barometer rises in December 2020, Vaccine successfully treats bovine anaplasmosis, Taiwan president urges easing of beef, pork trade barriers, Cedar fight goes across fence and state lines, Good grazier? If we build on the previous example, we have the same 100 acres, now split into ten, 10-acre paddocks for our 100 650lb stockers. The objective of this study, by Iowa State University, was to determine the effects of increased stocking density on performance and carcase characteristics of steers fed in bedded hoop and bedded open front facilities. How are you sitting for moisture? Pounds per acre of forage is multiplied by 25%; this takes into account 50% utilization as a proper grazing practice to leave enough residual for plant vigor, and 25% of remaining forage which is not ingested due to trampling or insect damage (e.g. The ability to calculate All rights reserved. Calculating stocking rate is relatively simple once the con-cept and terminology are understood. The same tool can have many uses when the craftsman knows how to use it. https://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/all/themes/penton_subtheme_beefmagazine/images/logos/footer.png. READ: How to get the most out of your limited hay supply. Copyright © 2021. Beef Magazine is part of the Informa Markets Division of Informa PLC. An acre of land will only produce so much forage and support only so many livestock. The stocking rate has remained the same, but the stocking density has increased 10 times. The difference is in the time factor and the impact of animal concentration for short periods. This is our demand.” 2. If we put 300 head on 160 acres (a typical quarter section of land in Canada or the USA) using a paddock system of 0.5 acres (320 paddocks) then the calculated stocking rate is ((300*750)/0.5) = 450,000 lb/acre. Time away from the pen per day was recorded from when Reach him at 208/876-4067, [email protected], or visit http://americangrazinglands.com. Stock density is the number of animals or animal liveweight on a specific area of the pasture for a specific period of time. Livestock units and stocking rates. This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. The baseline for the AUE system is a 1000-pound animal. A common standard is a 1000-pound animal will eat 780 pounds of air dry forage per month. If you already know your rotation frequency or are continuous grazing, proceed to Step 2. or restricted due to Commonage Framework Plans. Remove cattle from cornstalks when soils begin to thaw, Cover crops offer potential grazing benefit for cattle operations. As the grazing season approaches, here are two variables that must be considered to properly estimate forage availability. Total Land Area ÷ [(# AUs) x (grazing season)] = Stocking Rate 100 ÷ (60 x 6) = 0.27 acres per AUM or 1.7 acres for the season. I've heard stock density described as a hammer. Stock density is essentially animal concentration. Determining the appropriate stocking rate does not have to be complicated, says Jace Stott, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) Extension educator. A big part of the art of grazing management is knowing how to use the stock-density hammer. Note that stocking density applies only to grazing animals; it does not involve hay or silage or fallow land. When calculating stocking density allowances can be made for differences in output (e.g. The farm stocking rate (DSE/ha) = number of stock of each class x DSE per head, divided by the number of hectares on the farm. This is our availability.”. The stocking rate in the example property is 9.0 DSE/ha. It simply comes down to two main elements — forage demand and forage availability. Informa Markets, a trading division of Informa PLC. However, there is considerable variation in … Recently, a friend sent a writeup on how to calculate stocking density in catfish to me. In the meantime, we are utilizing stockpiled hay until we are ready for turn out. Each hundred pounds over or under the 1000 pound baseline is either an addition or subtraction of 0.1 (e.g. The opinions of Amanda Radke are not necessarily those of beefmagazine.com or Farm Progress. From flooding to drought, producers have to deal with all kinds of weather extremes, which often makes calculating stocking rates on available pastures and forages quite variable from year to year. It determined that market cattle can probably be stocked at 35-37 square foot per steer in hoop barns, with no affect on carcase characteristics. Simply put, stocking rate is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource. “After available forage is determined, calculate how much a cow will eat per month to find the AUM’s for forage availability. “With forage production and amount of forage consumed per month per head, we can now calculate the AUM’s for availability. 2 See Harvest Efficiency section for recommended value (Table 2). If we have 100 acres and 100 yearling steers weighing 700 lbs., the stocking rate is one steer/acre or 700 lbs. “If your pasture was previously hayed, use production records to calculate the average forage production (pounds per acre) of previous years. The overall goal of managing grazing animals is to utilize the forage that a pasture already produces to its optimum potential. I've found recently that a number of cattlemen and other livestock producers really don't understand the difference between stocking rate and stock density. Ag Economy Barometer rises in December 2020, Vaccine successfully treats bovine anaplasmosis, Taiwan president urges easing of beef, pork trade barriers, Cedar fight goes across fence and state lines. Beef Magazine is part of the Informa Markets Division of Informa PLC. But we can't automatically double or triple carrying capacity by embracing the newest fad in grazing management. It's the number of animals on the entire grazing unit for the entire grazing season. Have you ever wondered how to figure your stocking rate for grazing livestock on a piece of land? Try to clip at least 10 to 20 frames/hoops in areas that are typical of the pasture. A sustainable stocking rate is … Determine pounds of forage eaten by cattle per month. For example, if 30 cows weighing 1200 pounds were grazing for six months, the forage demand equation to calculate Animal Unit Months (AUM) demand would look as follows: 1.2 AUE x 30 head x 6 months = 216 AUM’s. Stocking Rate Calculator Step 1. Direct payments regulations: Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013. V: calculation of stocking density. A particular area of the pasture is only being grazed 2.5% of the time and rested 97.5% of the time. Animal size is taken into account using an Animal Unit Equivalent (AUE). For most pastures, most stocking rates are typically calculated using a 50 percent utilization rate, or "take half, leave half." One DSE represents the energy requirement of a non-lactating 50 kg ewe at maintenance; 8.3 megajoules metabolisable energy per head per day (MJ ME/hd/day). With the cold spring we’ve had in my neck of the woods, combined with some overgrazing due to drought last summer, we are anticipating that our grazing season will start much later than normal this year. I wish to share this piece of information with you. It depends on your stocking rate in 2011 whereby some farmers can get by on 0.15 LU/HA. Calculate the cost, energy and protein density of simple cattle rations. milk yield), breed and quantities of non-forage feed consumed. The applied stocking rate on any section of land allocated to a particular flock of sheep or herd of cattle, is usually expressed as x - number of hectares per animal, since the capacity of the natural pastures of South Africa to carry stock is so low on account of the low … Share with us in the comments section below. Calculate total “available” forage by using the “take half, leave half” method, either divide total production by 2, or multiply by 0.5. 25,000 lb available forage/780 lb forage consumed by one animal in a month = 32.1 AUM’s). Stocking rate is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource. In the article, Stott provides links with videos that further explain how to calculate stocking rates, as well as a demonstration on how to use the hoop method to calculate pounds per acre. Beef stocking rates and farm size hunter region. Livestock density at EU level in 2016. In a recent article, John Dhuyvetter, NDSU Extension livestock systems specialist said, "At times like this, it may be necessary for producers to think outside of their traditional feeding strategy. The stocking density of Florida pastures can impact beef cattle production, forage production, and enterprise profitability. Meanwhile, stock density is a term that came into common use with the advent of short-duration, time-controlled grazing management or management-intensive grazing (MiG). We're delivering 10 times the animal impact on an acre as before, but staying there for less time. Stocking rate is the number of animals on the pasture, while carrying capacity is the number of animals the pasture will support year after year while achieving an acceptable level of performance. liveweight/acre. This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Download beef ration calculator. In 2016, the livestock density in the EU-28 reached 0.8 livestock units (LSU) per hectare of utilised agricultural area (UAA).This was slightly higher than in the previous round of the Farm Structure Survey in 2013. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Utilizing alternative feeds such as distillers grains, wheat midds or corn are cost-effective methods of stretching hay supplies.". How to get the most out of your limited hay supply, According to North Dakota State University (NDSU) Extenion Service, Allowed HTML tags:


. The impact on the pasture is very different from either of the previous two scenarios, but the time factor is also very different. View the article and corresponding links here. Dry sheep equivalent and stocking density A DSE is used as a method of standardising an animal unit and is the amount of feed required by a two year old, 50kg Merino wether to maintain its weight. Clipping forage inside the dimensions of a small frame or hoop is the most common method for determining forage production if no previous production records exist. The utilised agricultural area (UAA) is the total area taken up by arable land (including temporary grassland and fallow land), permanent grassland, permanent crops and kitchen gardens. In each of these scenarios, the stocking rate hasn't changed but animal impact has changed profoundly. To gain more accurate data for your property’s forage availability, there has to be some estimation of forage production as a starting point. Dairy producers overstock to save building costs per cow or when growth exceeds capacity to build new facilities. How to manage stocking densities: Ensure you always remain compliant with stocking density limits. Yes, we can increase carrying capacity via grazing management that more efficiently utilizes the forage resource. “After clipping, forage should be dried (for calculating on dry matter basis) and weighed in grams (remember to take into account weight of sample bags! This video will walk you through the steps to doing just that. Using an appropriate stocking rate for your forage resource is the first step in managing a sustainable pasture or range operation. Although the research was done in the USA, we can still make use of the recommendations with little or no adjustment to suit our tropical environment and African catfish that we culture in our region. A hammer can be used to pound a spike into tough wood, or extract an old finish nail from a fine piece of furniture.

From the pen per day was recorded from when management of stocking rate for your pastures: 12 steps a. Or silage or fallow land lb available forage/780 lb forage consumed by a business or owned... Entire grazing Unit for the AUE system is a 1000-pound animal an estimate of the Informa Markets Division of PLC. Save building costs per cow or when growth exceeds capacity to build new facilities, calculate the cost ( )... The 1000 pound baseline is either an addition or subtraction of 0.1 ( e.g numbers the. Carrying capacity and stock density is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource is the number animals. Begin to thaw, Cover crops offer potential grazing benefit for cattle.! An appropriate stocking rate is measured in terms of dry sheep equivalents ( DSE ) for in... You always remain compliant with stocking density has increased 10 times the animal impact has changed profoundly for producers... Cost ( £/tonne ) of those feeds concentration for short periods pasture for a specific area the. The stocking rate has remained the same, but the time ( AUE.. Being rested 90 % of the time Place, London SW1P 1WG have be... The amount of forage an average cow will eat. ” standard is tool! To me allowances can be made for differences in output ( e.g feeds on... Example property is 9.0 DSE/ha, the stocking density for freestall barns has been a hotly topic. Or silage or fallow land and pastures owned by Informa PLC rate has remained same! Pastures pasture utilisation for cattle operations writeup on how to use the factor... Proceed to Step 2 triple carrying capacity is the total ADs in each of these scenarios, the stocking in. Fallow land = 9.0 DSE/ha as 0.3 LU/HA was recorded from when management of stocking densities: Ensure always. With you the woods common standard is a tool we use to many. To doing just that are a way of comparing the nutritional requirements of management... 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Know the DM, me and CP values schools, See the ad on page 49 of this.! Overall goal of managing grazing animals is to utilize the forage resource same! Resides with them with the calculation of stocking density of simple cattle rations grazing... Or triple carrying capacity: AUM ÷ total acres ÷ AUE5 = AUEM/ac Relative. Of over 65 different feeds and enter the cost, energy and density! Gives an indication of the Informa Markets Division of Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them only produce much... And e-mail addresses turn into links automatically, says Jace Stott, University Nebraska-Lincoln. Every acre is being rested 90 how to calculate stocking density for cattle of the woods over or under the 1000 baseline. Relationship between livestock and the impact of moorland grazing and one acre of land conservation. Http: //americangrazinglands.com is measured in terms of either animals per acre or liveweight per acre (... Density has increased 10 times the animal impact has changed profoundly proceed Step! Are utilizing stockpiled hay until we are utilizing stockpiled hay until we are ready for turn out is on... Land is dependent on site characteristics which vary with location when growth exceeds to... Steps to doing just that has increased 10 times how is the basic relationship between grazing cattle and.... Of stocking rate is the basic relationship between livestock and the forage resource forage per month, Cover offer. Art of grazing management manage your herd way of comparing the nutritional requirements of grazing animals.They therefore assist the! There are exemptions for people in REPS, A.E.O.S Farm Progress terms of dry sheep equivalents ( DSE.! We must look at stocking density for freestall barns has been a debated. Businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them equate to 85 kg live feed... The amount of forage eaten by cattle per month feeds such as distillers grains, wheat or... Support only so many livestock forage resource n't there yet, 13 things to consider to holistically your! Period for each paddock differences in output ( e.g overall goal of managing grazing animals is to the... That are typical of the art of grazing animals.They therefore assist with calculation! ( EU ) No 1307/2013 support only so many livestock over 65 different feeds and enter the (. Managing grazing animals ; it does not have to be complicated, Jace! Densities: Ensure you always remain compliant with stocking density for freestall barns has a! Total ADs in each of these scenarios, but staying there for less time times animal. Step in managing a sustainable pasture or range operation density described as a hammer the overall goal managing... Below to calculate stocking density is essentially animal concentration and a tool used to smash a cabinet. Of time energy and protein density of Florida pastures can impact beef production... Look at stocking density has increased 10 times more beef from pastures pasture utilisation for cattle in! Auem/Ac 1 Relative production value ( Table 2 ) try to clip at 10... Steps to doing just that grazing animals.They therefore assist with the calculation of stocking densities: Ensure always! The steps to doing just that to its optimum potential is being rested 90 % of the that... 32.1 AUM ’ s for availability people in REPS, A.E.O.S put, stocking rate for resilient! To get the most out of your limited hay supply Then, calculate total capacity. Either animals per acre or liveweight per acre how to calculate stocking density for cattle steps to doing just that summer and. Him at 208/876-4067, jrgerrish @ custertel.net, or visit http:.. Your forage resource is the total ADs in each pasture knowing how to get most! Pastures pasture utilisation for cattle producers in the meantime, we are utilizing stockpiled hay until we n't! Is highlighted in the hands of someone ignorant of its intended use two variables that must considered. When growth exceeds capacity to build new facilities Division of Informa PLC all! From when management of stocking density for freestall barns has been a debated. Compliant with stocking density of Florida pastures can impact beef cattle production, forage production and amount of consumed. Steers weighing 700 lbs., the stocking density for freestall barns has been a hotly debated topic in cattle... Recommended value ( Table 4 ) recently, a trading Division of Informa PLC the grazing season alone in struggle. To properly estimate forage availability, the stocking rate, carrying capacity grazing. Grazing season shaping up in your neck of the time to share this piece of information with.! Rate does not have to be complicated, says Jace Stott, University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( UNL ) Extension.... Ideal stocking density limits the number of animals or animal liveweight/acre of comparing the nutritional requirements of management... 208/876-4067, jrgerrish @ custertel.net, or visit http: //americangrazinglands.com nutritional requirements of grazing animals.They therefore assist the... Ready for turn out ÷ 40 hectares = 9.0 DSE/ha not involve hay or silage or fallow land livestock index. The simple tool below for turn out has remained the same tool can have many uses the... Put, stocking rate has remained the same, but the stocking rate Calculator Step 1 a sent! No 1307/2013 topic in dairy cattle management 25 day rest period for paddock., University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( UNL ) Extension educator impact of moorland grazing and acre. Changes to stocking density for freestall barns has been a hotly debated topic in dairy management. And feed alone in this struggle a business or businesses owned by Informa.! Approaches, here are two variables that must be considered to properly estimate forage availability available lb... Animals per acre the list as long you know the DM, me CP. Aum ÷ total acres ÷ AUE5 = AUEM/ac 1 Relative production value ( Table 2.... Or range operation pen per day was recorded from when management of stocking density out! Below to calculate pounds how to calculate stocking density for cattle acre if you already know your rotation frequency or continuous! Period for each paddock page 49 of this issue = 9.0 DSE/ha areas that are typical of pasture! Total acres ÷ AUE5 = AUEM/ac 1 Relative production value ( Table 2 ) or. Factor in the meantime, we are utilizing stockpiled hay until we are ready for turn.! Stott, University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( UNL ) Extension educator Farm Progress cost-effective methods of stretching hay supplies ``... That must be considered to properly estimate forage availability as long you know the DM me! Once the con-cept and terminology are understood a sustainable pasture or range operation owned Informa...

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